SAB

Sensory Evaluation of Liver/Meat Pâté Made from Fresh or Frozen Eland Meat and Beef

Small animal producers in Europe can financially benefit if they sell not only carcasses or dissected cuts, but also processed meat and edible offal in value added products such as traditional and popular pâté. In particular, when introducing a new exotic species like eland (Taurotragus oryx) to the market, the sale of low valued cuts with higher collagen content is problematic. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the sensory traits of several pâtés made from liver and less valuable fresh or frozen meat cuts (neck, brisket and plate) of eland and cattle. Four batches of pâté made from fresh and frozen material (45 and 90 days) were tested by 35 panellists using sensory profiling method with 14 descriptors. Two pâté batches consisted of chicken liver and beef or eland meat. Another two were made from eland or beef liver together with eland meat. Pâté made from fresh material, including chicken or eland or beef liver, together with eland meat or beef showed the main differences in textural characteristics such as friability, overall texture being better scored for pâté which includes chicken liver. Chicken liver also resulted in a higher intensity of colour. Freezing of material (meat and liver) before processing into pâté resulted in worse scoring of the final product. Chicken liver batches scored better in sensory traits of overall appearance, pleasantness of taste, colour and intensity of colour, colour hue and textural friability, overall texture and of pleasantness of consistency. Pâté made from chicken liver from frozen material also had lower off-flavour. This pilot study showed that pâté from fresh eland meat and chicken liver scored the best in most of the sensory traits. Freezing and storing meat and liver before processing resulted in worse scores, especially in olfactory, visual and textural traits. The use of chicken liver instead of eland or beef liver to process pâté improves sensory traits.

antelope, chicken liver, organoleptic traits, processed product

Kolbábek, P., Maxová, P., Kouřimská, L., Lukešová, D., Kotrba, R. (2019): Sensory Evaluation of Liver/Meat Pâté Made from Fresh or Frozen Eland Meat and Beef. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 71-79. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0011

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Impact of a Wide Range of Teat Lengths on Udder Health and Milking Time in Holstein Cows

The objective of our experiment was to evaluate the impact of teat length on milk yield, actual milking time (AMT), milk conductivity (MC), somatic cell count (SCC) and mastitis incidence during lactation. The effect of teat length was evaluated as the occurrence of non-ideal teats (NIT; shorter than 40 mm or longer than 60 mm) at udder level and as the average length of teats on udder (ALTU). The experiment was conducted on 59 dairy cows of Holstein breed. SAS 9.3 was used for statistical calculation. There were great variances in teat length (22–96 mm) and in the rear/front teat ratio (0.8). Only 33% of the tested cows had optimal length of all teats. No evidence for a negative impact of NIT on udder health was found. ALTU showed a statistically significant effect on AMT and SCC (P < 0.05). Cows in the group of udders with short teats showed the worst results for SCC (P < 0.05) and MC. Udders with short teats showed the fastest AMT (6.78 min; P < 0.05) compared to udders with medium and long teats (7.36 min; P < 0.05 and 7.55 min; P < 0.05, respectively). Our results show that while using an udder friendly milking system, the effect of teat length on udder health could be negligible.

dairy cow, teat length, non-ideal teats, mastitis, somatic cell count, milk yield

Gašparík, M., Ducháček, J., Stádník, L., Tančin, V. (2019): Impact of a Wide Range of Teat Lengths on Udder Health and Milking Time in Holstein Cows. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 80-88. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0012

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Effect of Genotype on Ileal and Caecal Microbiota in Pasture-Reared Dominant Cockerels

Outdoor access is an important part of organic and free-range poultry production, yet limited information exists on the effect of various housing and production systems on the growth performance and colonization of food-borne pathogens. Therefore, the primary purpose of the current study was to evaluate the influence of different housing systems (particularly fixed versus small, portable houses, with and without outdoor access to pasture) and different broiler genotypes on the gastrointestinal bacteria in broilers. The fundamental factor studied was the presence of any quantitative changes in common gastrointestinal microbiota, including pathogenic genera such as Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. The results showed differences in intestinal microbiota and confirmed lowered counts of caecal coliforms in pasture-reared broilers.

poultry; coliforms; anaerobes; lactic acid bacteria; campylobacter; salmonella

Čermák, L., Vlčková, J., Skřivanová, E., Laloučková, K., Englmaierová, M. (2019): Effect of Genotype on Ileal and Caecal Microbiota in Pasture-Reared Dominant Cockerels. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 89-95. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0013

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Ram Semen Cryopreservation Using Egg Yolk or Egg Yolk - Free Extenders: Preliminary Results

Kinematic parameters of thawed ram semen frozen under field conditions were analysed with the use of two commercial (egg yolk vs egg yolk free) semen extenders in different year-seasonal periods. The semen was collected from Suffolk (n = 2) and Charollais (n = 1) rams kept in private breeding farm on 3 test days (pre-mating, at mating, post mating) during year 2016. Two commercial semen extenders (egg yolk-based BullXcell® or egg yolk-free AndroMed®) were used for semen processing. Processed semen was frozen in 0.25 ml plastic cryostraws using the custom-made portable freezing box for ram semen cryopreservation under field conditions. Thawed semen characteristics were evaluated using computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) system immediately after thawing and after 2 h of heat incubation (±38°C). Significantly higher total motility (+12.3%), straight line velocity (+5.6 µm s–1), and average-path velocity (+6.9 µm s^–1) were detected for the semen processed and cryopreserved using egg yolk-based semen extender. Year-seasonal variation and introducing the ram to service had shown to have a significant effect on the cryopreserved ram spermatozoa. These preliminary results confirmed the feasibility of ram semen processing and cryopreservation under field conditions.

spermatozoa, AndroMed^®, BullXcell^®, freezing box, CASA

Ptáček, M., Stádníková, M., Savvulidi, F., Stádník, L. (2019): Ram Semen Cryopreservation Using Egg Yolk or Egg Yolk -Free Extenders: Preliminary Results. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 96-103. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0014

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Effect of Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on the Nodulation of Some Varieties of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp )

Screenhouse and field trials were conducted at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria in 2013 and 2014 to investigate the effect of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on the nodulation of five varieties of cowpea (IT89KD-288, IT82D-994, IT93K-452-1, T89K-391 and TT97 568-18). Half of the experimental plants were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita eggs (n = 1500) while the remaining half served as uninoculated control plants. Data on growth and yield of cowpea, root gall, nodulation, and nematodes population densities in nodules were collected. Other parameters assessed included colour of dissected infected and uninfected nodules, texture of the nodules and varietal performance of the cowpeas. The results of both screenhouse and field trials were consistent in yield and visual observations of texture and colour. The yield of nematode-free varieties was significantly higher than that of M. incognita-infected ones. Infected nodules were dark brown in colour while the healthy ones were pink. For the field trials, nodulation counts in nematode inoculated plants were inversely proportional to the number of galls in their uninoculated counterparts in some varieties. Of all varieties, IT89KD-288 was most resistant to M. incognita. Due to high cost involved in the management of nematodes, especially with synthetic chemicals, variety IT89KD-288 is recommended for use in nematode endemic areas in Nigeria. Further study needs to be done on the histopathology of the infected and uninfected roots and nodules of these cowpea varieties.

inoculation, sodium hypochlorite, nitrogen-fixation, leghaemoglobin, root galls, screenhouse, field trial

Izuogu, N.B., Olajide, T.U., Eifediyi, E.K., Olajide, C.M. (2019): Effect of Root-knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) on the Nodulation of Some Varieties of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp ). Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 104-109. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0015

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Impact of External Conditions on Water Quality of Kamencové (Alum) Lake in Chomutov and Proposal of Revitalizing Measures

Kamencové Lake (also called Alum Lake) located in Chomutov (North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin, Czech Republic) is a worldwide unique for its lake water chemical composition (K Al (SO4)2 12 H2O) that naturally prevents algae growth. The region used to be a centre of heavy industry based on brown coal burning, with a crucial impact on the environment (especially acid rain) in 1980s. This fact was considered the key aspect influencing the lake water quality deterioration in the past, besides the growing popularity of the area for recreational purposes (increased risk of eutrophication) and the significant changes in the lake maintenance (increased risk of eutrophication, excessive bottom sedimentation). Due to the real threat of gradual losing the lake water unique characteristics, scientifically-based systematic measures reducing the potential risk of eutrophication need to be implemented. The present study builds on the results of previous surveys by Geofyzika Brno, Povodí Ohře, s.p. or Hydroprojekt Praha. Its aim is to assess the potential risk of eutrophication in Alum Lake and to propose remedial measures.

Alum Lake, North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin, eutrophication, water chemistry, alum water

Jelínková, A., Fedorova, D. (2019): Impact of External Conditions on Water Quality of Kamencové (Alum) Lake in Chomutov and Proposal of Revitalizing Measures. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 110-116. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0016

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Parameters of Pneumatic Calibrator of Grain Moth Eggs for Trichogramma Production

The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency of the biotechnological process of Trichogramma production by improving the pneumatic calibrator of grain moth eggs. The trajectory of grain moth eggs movement in horizontal air flow of the pneumatic calibrator, taking into account the equivalent diameter, as well as the initial velocity, is determined. The size and location of containers, height of the separation chamber and valve, and air flow velocity in the calibrator are substantiated. The obtained analytical dependencies allow us to determine the height of vertical channel of the stabilizing nozzle depending on the initial conditions of movement and the equivalent diameter of an egg. The hovering rate of grain moth eggs and conglomerates (depending on the number of eggs in them) is experimentally determined. Optimal values of the structural and technological parameters of the improved pneumatic calibrator (air flow velocity 3.8 m s–1, height of separation chambre 198–199 mm, valve height 26–27 mm) are determined on the basis of the experimental design planning methodology. The probability of selecting large eggs is increasing by 31%.

separation chamber, valve, air flow, trajectory of the movement, egg hovering, probability of egg sampling

Golub, G., Marus, O., Chuba, V. (2019): Parameters of Pneumatic Calibrator of Grain Moth Eggs for Trichogramma Production. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 117-126. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0017

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Determination of the Trajectory of Curvilinear Motion of Front Steering Wheels Driven Tractor

The issue of designing the machine tractor movement trajectory is relevant today because its optimization significantly reduces fuel consumption and thus the transport costs. Proper choice of the energy machine and agricultural machinery with economy consumption of fuel and lubricants is also crucial. Recently, the problem has received scant attention in scientific literature. Therefore, this study analytically determines the trajectory of turning the tractor with front steering wheels and attempts to describe the curvilinear trajectory of a four-wheeled tractor using parametric equations in Cartesian coordinates. Its outcomes have a number of important implications for future practice; they are applicable e.g. in planning curved trajectories when cornering the tractor during field processing or in fuel and time consumption predictions for certain operations.

machine tractor unit, tractor turning, rotation, Cartesian coordinates

Dovzhyk, M., Tatyanchenko, B., Solarov, A., Sirenko, J., Roubík, H. (2019): Determination of the Trajectory of Curvilinear Motion of Front Steering Wheels Driven Tractor. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 127-134. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0018

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Biogas Production Potential from Animal Manure in Samsun Province of Turkey

The aim of this study was to determine biogas amount and the energy value produced from animal manure in Samsun province, Turkey. For this purpose, biogas potential was calculated considering the number of cattle, buffalo and laying hens in the province. Samsun has a total of about 300 thousand cattle, 18 thousand buffalo, and 1.4 million laying hens. From these animals in the province, 2.95 million t of cattle manure, 178 thousand t of buffalo manure, and 40 thousand t of laying hens manure, including the total of 3.2 Mt of manure per year is obtained. Annually, 53.6 Mm3 of biogas can be produced from the usable amount of this manure. The heating value of biogas produced from this manure is about 1.22 PJ. The electricity production from this biogas is about 135 GWhel. These values can provide 4.96% of Samsun’s annual electrical energy consumption (2720 GWhel). The distribution of these calculated amounts by districts was mapped. When districts are listed according to the biogas production amount, the top seven Samsun districts are Bafra (16.2%), Center (16.0%), Carsamba (12.1%), Vezirkopru (11.0%), Terme (7.6%), Alacam (7.4%) and Havza (7.0%).

biogas energy, cattle manure, buffalo manure, laying hens manure, renewable energy

Karaca, C., Gurdil, G.A.K. (2019): Biogas Production Potential from Animal Manure in Samsun Province of Turkey. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 135-140. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-0019

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Analysis of Regional Disparities in Agriculture Focusing on Economically Weak Regions of the Czech Republic

The objective of this study is to identify the regions of the Czech Republic with the economically non-effective agriculture industry. The methodology is based on an orginal approach as the economically weak regions are identified on the LAU 1 level, comparing to the existing studies using only NUTS III level. The input data describe the economic results of 6,031 agricultural entities from 75 different regions LAU 1. The data covering the period between 2006 and 2014 were gained from the database Amadeus. The study deploys the methods of Principal Component Analysis, Kaiser-Meier-Olkin test, Bartlett’s test and hierarchical cluster analysis. The study determinates two key components: the Company Size and the Company Profit. These key components are used as the input variables for the cluster analysis. The cluster analysis identifies four clusters of regions from the agricultural entities economical results point of view. Subsequently the Standardized Variable Method is used to determinate the mutual order of the regions. The results of LAU 1 regions analyses show that the agrucultural entities, located in the border regions, reach economical results below average of the Czech Republic regions.

agriculture, border regions, cluster analysis, development, disparities, company

Sirohi, J., Kukalová, G., Moravec, L. (2019): Analysis of Regional Disparities in Agriculture Focusing on Economically Weak Regions of the Czech Republic. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 50, 141-153. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2019-002

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