SAB

Sensitivity to Fungicides and Essential Oils in Czech Isolates of Phytophthora infestans

A total of 235 Phytophthora infestans isolates were collected from five regions of the Czech Republic during the growing seasons 2012–2014 and 2016 and examined using the in vitro amended agar method for their sensitivity to metalaxyl-M (MFX), propamocarb-HCl (PCH), and dimethomorph (DMM). A majority of the isolates (50%) were sensitive to MFX. Resistant isolates were found in all four years of the survey; they represented 30% of the samples. The EC50 values of PCH in inhibiting mycelial growth of 65% of the overall isolates were higher than 100 µg ml–1, which indicates the occurrence of insensitivity to PCH in the Czech P. infestans populations. DMM was very effective, and the mycelial growth of all isolates tested was completely suppressed at the concentration of 0.1 µg ml–1. Furthermore, the efficacy of 12 plant essential oils was tested against 20 isolates of P. infestans using the in vitro amended agar method. Essential oils of Cymbopogon winterianus, Litsea cubeba, Mentha spicata, Pelargonium graveolens, Syzygium aromaticum, and Thymus vulgaris were observed to have the highest antifungal activity against P. infestans, with minimal inhibitory concentrations less than or equal to 1 µl ml–1.

dimethomorph, aromatic plants, fungicide resistance, late blight, metalaxyl-M, propamocarb-HCl

Mazáková, J., Zouhar, M., Sedlák, P., Zusková, E., Ryšánek, P., Hausvater, E. (2018): Sensitivity to Fungicides and Essential Oils in Czech Isolates of Phytophthora infestans. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 69-77. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-11

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sab-2018-02-01-mazakova.pdf

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DNA Sequencing Analysis of African Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Virulence Gene (AXaVrg) DNA Marker

Global rice production is constrained by bacterial leaf blight (BLB) disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). BLB disease incidence in West Africa was between 70–85% and yield loss in farmers’ fields was in the range of 50–90% from 2005 to 2010. In the present study, African Xoo virulence gene OPP-172000 DNA marker was identified and purified using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) products from 50 Xoo isolates. Genomic DNA of 50 Xoo isolates were analyzed using OPP-17 primer in RAPD-PCR during which African Xoo virulence gene OPP-172000 DNA marker was identified, purified, cloned, and sequenced. Cloning and DNA sequencing of African Xoo virulence gene OPP-172000 DNA generated a 1953 bp nucleotide sequence consequently tagged as AXaVrg-1953. BLAST homologous analysis of the AXaVrg-1953 sequence provides comprehensive identification of the type II secretion genes and secreted proteins, type III secretion genes and secreted proteins in African Xoo virulence gene. Phylogenetic unweighted pair-group method arithmetic (UPGMA) analysis revealed the African AXaVrg-1953 sequence was distinct from the other Xoo virulence gene sequences from China, Japan, Korea, Germany, and the United States. This information is potentially useful for effective management of BLB disease in West Africa.

Bacterial leaf blight, Operon primer, RAPD-PCR products, Xoo virulence gene DNA marker, cloning, Secreted proteins, BLAST, West Africa

Onasanya, A., Ekperigin, M.M., Onasanya, R.O., Obafemi, T.O., Ogundipe, A.T., Ojo, A.A., Ingelbrecht, L. (2018): DNA Sequencing Analysis of African Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Virulence Gene (AXaVrg) DNA Marker. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 78-86. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-12.

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Digestibility of Ensiled Maize Hybrids Differing by Maturity and Endosperm Type

Selected maize hybrids were analyzed according to the in vivo digestibility of the silage. Eight tested hybrids were grown, harvested, and ensiled under identical conditions. The effect of earliness (early maturity group FAO 230–260 vs moderately early maturity group FAO 290–340) significantly (P < 0.05) affected the chemical composition, fermentation quality, and digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fibre. Type of kernel endosperm (dent vs flint) differed by digestibility of nutrients. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fibre was the highest for silage of the dent hybrid FAO 250 (73.7, 75.7, and 67.6%, respectively) and these digestibility values were significantly (P < 0.05) lower for silage of the dent hybrid FAO 320 (61.1, 63.4, and 51.4%, respectively). It was concluded that the digestibility differs mainly in dent-type hybrids. All correlation coefficients between the digestibility values were significantly (P < 0.05) high.

silage, ripening, milk line, grain, correlation

Loučka, R., Homolka, P., Tyrolová, Y., Jančík, F., Koukolová, V., Kubelková, P., Výborná, A., Jambor, V. (2018): Digestibility of Ensiled Maize Hybrids Differing by Maturity and Endosperm Type. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 87-92. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-13

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sab-2018-02-03-loucka.pdf

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The Analysis of Czech Genetic Resources of Nutrias (Myocastor coypus)

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effective population size and fertility in the Czech Genetic Resources of nutrias during the last ten years. This study includes three Czech colour types of nutrias: Czech Type of Standard (ST), Moravian Silver (MS), and Prestice Multicolour (PM). The effective population size of ST shows that this colour type is endangered, while MS and PM are critical. The average number of pregnancy was the highest (P ? 0.004) in ST (1.7 pregnancy) and the lowest in PM (1.3 pregnancy). ST and MS nutrias had the significantly biggest litter size (P ? 0.004). For the number of kits born per female in a year (P < 0.001) the significantly lowest value was in PM (5.1 kits). For weaned kits the highest value (P ? 0.006) was in ST (4.8 kits). The results showed that the population size of MS and PM is low and there is a risk of biodiversity loss in these colour types.

nutria, colour type, effective population size, fertility

Němeček,T., Tůmová, E. (2018): The Analysis of Czech Genetic Resources of Nutrias (Myocastor coypus). Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 93-97. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-14

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sab-2018-02-04-nemecek.pdf

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Does Zinc Overdose in Rat Diet Alter Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn Concentrations in a Tapeworm Host?

We evaluated Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations in the bone, muscle, testes, intestine, liver, kidneys and tapeworm parasites Hymenolepis diminuta of rats from four groups: 12 animals given zinc lactate (120 mg/rat and week) in feed mixture (M0 group); six animals given zinc lactate (120 mg/rat and week) in feed mixture and infected with tapeworms (MT group); six control animals fed a standard mixture of ST-1 for rats (00 group); and six control animals fed a standard mixture of ST-1 for rats and infected with tapeworms (0T group). The experiment was conducted over a six-week period. In our study, tapeworm presence decreased element concentrations in the majority of rat tissues. Tapeworms accumulated higher levels of zinc and manganese than did the majority of host tissues; however, they accumulated very little iron and copper in comparison to the host tissues. Zinc overdosing increased manganese concentrations in rat tissues; zinc overdosing also seemed to protect the liver from absorption of Fe by tapeworms.

Hymenolepis diminuta, Rattus norvegicus, accumulation, zinc lactate, manganese, iron, copper

Jankovská, I., Sloup, V., Száková, J., Magdálek, J., Horáková, B., Langrová, I. (2018): Does Zinc Overdose in Rat Diet Alter Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn Concentrations in a Tapeworm Host? Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 98-104. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-15

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sab-2018-02-05-jankovska.pdf

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Review of Saproxylic Beetles in Tugai Forests of Kazakhstan

In the review, the data about the saproxylic beetles in the tugai forests of Kazakhstan is described. The main tree and shrub species related to saproxylic beetles are reported and the beetle species diversity is presented in a table. Of the species listed in the table, 36 species of saproxylic beetles are related to Populus sp. (Populus diversifolia and P. pruinosa), 21 species to Elaeagnus angustifolia, 20 species to Tamarix sp., and 17 species to Salix sp. The least number of saproxylic beetles was related to Fraxinus sogdiana (2 species) and Halimodendron halodendron (3 species). The author detected data about the representatives of the following families of Coleoptera: Brentidae, Bostrichidae, Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, and Curculionidae on the territory of tugai forests and the arid zone of Kazakhstan. According to the used references, the most numbered family of saproxylic beetles in the tugai forests is Buprestidae: 41 species have been known. The author found out data about 17 species of Curculionidae and 10 species of Cerambycidae. Other families have a lower number of species. It means that Buprestidae is the most studied family in the tugai forests of Kazakhstan. Further research is necessary to extend knowledge about the diversity of saproxylic beetles in the tugai forests of Kazakhstan.

Tugai forests, saproxylic beetles, Coleoptera, trees and shrubs; forest pests

Borissova, Yu.S. (2018): Review of Saproxylic Beetles in Tugai Forests of Kazakhstan. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 105-117. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-16

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sab-2018-02-06-borissova.pdf

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Evaluation of Non-Fermented Dough from Wheat/Barley/Hemp Composites

Basic wheat-barley flour premixes (70 : 30 and 50 : 50) were enhanced by 5 and 10% of dehulled and hulled hemp seeds wholemeal or by 2 types of hemp fine flour. Barley flour (BF) decreased both protein content and quality by approximately 1.5 and 50%, respectively. In blends, hemp fine flour containing recovered protein level back. BF lowered amylases activity by about 20–25% in maximum; hemp products had no significant effect. Farinograph water absorption was magnified by additions of both alternative flours. Considerable shortening of dough stability and decrease of resistance against over-mixing occurred for all flour tri-composites. Extensigraph dough elasticity increased and extensibility diminished. After dough resting taking 30 min, extensigraph energy of the control sample fell from 141 cm2 to a half as barley flour portion increased. In cereal composites, hemp products demonstrated reversal tendencies. BF lowered water suspension viscosity, but hemp wholemeal H4 and especially fine hemp flour H7 caused a recovery of amylograph maxima to level comparable with wheat control. Correlation analysis confirmed analytical and rheological data agreement – the extensigraph elasticity or energy could be predicted according to the Zeleny value, or the amylograph maximum according to the Falling Number (r = 0.79, 0.90, and 0.65, respectively; P = 99.9%).

wheat-barley composite flour, cannabis, viscosity, dough rheology, correlation analysis

Hrušková, M., Švec, I. (2018): Evaluation of Non-Fermented Dough from Wheat/Barley/Hemp Composites. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 118-126. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-17

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sab-2018-02-07-svec.pdf

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Monitoring Oats and Winter Wheat Within-field Spatial Variability by Satellite Images

Remote sensing is a methodology using different tools to monitor and predict yields. Spatial variability of crops can be monitored through sampling of vegetation indices derived from the entire crop growth; spatial variability can be used to plan further agronomic management. This paper evaluates the suitability of vegetation indices derived from satellite Landsat and EO-1 data that compare yield, topography wetness index, solar radiation, and meteorological data over a relatively small field (11.5 ha). Time series images were selected from 2006, 2010, and 2014, when oat was grown, and from 2005, 2011 and 2013, when winter wheat was grown. The images were selected from the entire growing season of the crops. An advantage of this method is the availability of these images and their easy application in deriving vegetation indices. It was confirmed that Landsat and EO-1 images in combination with meteorological data are useful for yield component prediction. Spatial resolution of 30 m was sufficient to evaluate a field of 11.5 ha.

vegetation indices, plant variability, yield, topography, phenology, crop monitoring

Kumhálová, J., Novák, P., Madaras, M. (2018): Monitoring Oats and Winter Wheat Within-field Spatial Variability by Satellite Images. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 127-135. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-18

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sab-2018-02-08-kumhalova.pdf

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Application of Doppler Radar for Wildlife Detection in Vegetation

The objective of this paper was to test the suitability of Doppler microwave radar for the detection of wild animals hidden in grassland in front of the harvester. The ability of Doppler radar HB100 sensor to detect a dog or a human person hidden behind different types of crops was tested in laboratory conditions. Relative movement between the radar and the observed object was secured by the assembly acting as mathematical pendulum. The radar always moved in front of different crop samples (arranged in two or one line). The dog or human person was situated behind the crop. In five out of seven cases, the sensor was able to detect the human person. Only in two out of seven cases, the sensor was able to detect the dog. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that microwave radar sensor can be a useful device for detection of wild animals in the crop. Next research is needed in order to better explain the influence of disturbing factors on the measurements.

forage harvest, animals’ detection, radar, sensor

Shapoval, V., Lev, J., Bartoška, J., Kumhála, F. (2018): Application of Doppler Radar for Wildlife Detection in Vegetation. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 136-141. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-19

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Supporting Producer Groups – Increasing Producer’s Value Added?

Cooperation between entities can be the basis for improved competitiveness. The Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic were able to draw on EU funds to support the formation of producer groups. Main objective was to investigate whether the funds have led to an increase of value added of products placed on the market. In the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic during the reporting period the sum of 44 million EUR was provided to support the establishment of marketing organizations, 305 producer groups were supported. Many of the supported entities are no longer active. In the Czech Republic, only 15 entities are still operating, but they do not have a significant impact on the increase of value added of the agricultural sector. In the Slovak Republic, entities supported in the first programming period (2004–2006) have a higher share of the generated value added. During the second funding period (2007–2013), the supported groups showed a negative value added. Given the characteristics of supported groups, the number of successfully supported groups, the reported features and the total value of generated value added, it can be suggested that most of the entities were established due to the relative ease of fundraising.

Marketing cooperatives, Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, support, Rural Development Programme, common agricultural policy, European Union

Kotyza, P., Tomsik, K., Elisova, K., Hornowski, A. (2018): Supporting Producer Groups – Increasing Producer’s Value Added? Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 49, 142-152. DOI: 10.2478/sab-2018-20

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