SAB

Virulence and Mating Type of Phytophthora infestans Isolates in the Czech Republic

To evaluate the frequency and stability of the occurrence of P. infestans races and mating types in the Czech Republic, 338 monosporic isolates were collected from 31 sites in different potato-growing areas from 2012 to 2014 and in 2016. In total,142 isolates were evaluated for virulence and race structure using the detached leaflet assay on Black’s differential set, supplemented with cultivar Sarpo Mira and somatic hybrid REG 46F. With the exception of virulence for resistance genes R9 and Rpi-blb-1, all virulence genes were detected among isolates, with a predominance of genes R1, R3, R7, R10, and R11. Most isolates were virulent to five or more R-genes, with a mean virulence complexity of 7.1. Among the 38 races detected, the most commonly occurring races were 1.2.3.4.6.7.10.11 and 1.2.3.4.7.10.11. Of the 338 isolates tested by the pairing test and the cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence (CAPS) marker, 40% were of the A1 mating type and 60% were of the A2 mating type, with an A1 : A2 isolate ratio demonstrating the predominance of the A2 mating type each year of the survey.

late blight disease, virulent races, sexual reproduction, R-genes, potato resistance

Sedlák, P., Mazáková, J., Sedláková, V., Ryšánek, P., Vejl, P., Doležal, P. (2017): Virulence and Mating Type of Phytophthora infestans Isolates in the Czech Republic. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 185-192. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0025

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Echinococcus spp.: Tapeworms That Pose a Danger to Both Animals and Humans – A Review

Species of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda; Taeniidae) are minute tapeworms of carnivores. Their larvae are known as hydatids (metacestode), which proliferate asexually in various mammals. Like the majority of cestodes, Echinococcus spp. Require two different host species to complete their life cycle. Definitive hosts harbouring the adult cestodes in the small intestine are exclusively carnivores of the Canidae and Felidae families. A wide range of mammal species including humans is susceptible to infection by the metacestode of Echinococcus spp., which develops in their viscera. The disease, caused by species of the genus Echinococcus, is called echinococcosis, and it is one of the most dangerous zoonoses in the world. The traditional species Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis are agents of significant diseases due to the high number of cases and the wide geographical species range. The taxonomy of the genus is controversial; in the current state of ongoing complex revisions, the agent of cystic echinococcosis E. granulosus sensu lato is divided into five species (E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. felidis, E. equinus, E. ortleppi, E. canadensis), in addition to the agents of alveolar echinococcosis (E. multilocularis, E. shiquicus) and polycystic/unicystic echinococcosis (E. vogeli, E. oligarthrus). Here we provide an overview of the current situation, which continues to develop.

Echinococcus granulosus s.l., Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus oligarthrus, Echinococcus shiquicus, Echinococcus vogeli, echinococcosis

Brožová, A., Jankovská, I., Bejček, V., Nechybová, S., Peřinková, P., Horáková, B., Langrová, I. (2017): Echinococcus spp.: Tapeworms That Pose a Danger to Both Animals and Humans – a Review. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 193-201. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0026

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Importance of Food Selection for Celiac Sprue Disease

A questionnaire survey was conducted among people with celiac disease. Questions were focused on dietary foods available and the preference of suitable grain food species. A one-week diet menu was prepared for the participants of the survey. Daily intake of major nutrients and energy was determined. Supermarkets have the largest selection of dietary foods, although in a narrow range. Celiac patients often rely on themselves to make and prepare food. The majority of respondents (57%) considered dietary restrictions as burdening; 43% have adapted to this situation. Food made of rice was the most popular among cereal foods for 50% of respondents, corn for 39%, and buckwheat and millet for only 7% of respondents. Nobody classified amaranth as the most popular food. The model diet for people with celiac disease exceeded the recommended daily intake of protein and undervalued lipid ingestion. This problem was mainly caused by the food composition of the evening meal. Total daily energy intake of 9900 kJ met the women’s needs. There were still 2100 kJ missing for men. The terms ‘gluten-free food or diet’ and ‘gliadin content’, which generally relate to the products of wheat, rye, oats, and triticale, are not accurate.

celiac diet, gluten-free products, nutritional value, nutrient balance

Faměra, O., Hálová, I., Kouřimská, L. (2017): Importance of Food Selection for Celiac Sprue Disease. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 202-207. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0027

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Antimicrobial Potential of Probiotics in Combination with Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria

The symbiotic interrelationship of probiotic bacteria and starter lactic acid bacteria is of fundamental importance in many fields of industrial microbiology and it is also a great interest of food technologists. This study deals with the antimicrobial potential of cell-free supernatants of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, L. rhamnosus GG and Fresco culture when cultivated alone or together against 5 strains of Escherichia coli and 5 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. While the effect on E. coli was not proven (average change of final density compared to the control was only ?NEC,24h = 0.12 log CFU ml–1), the decrease of S. aureus final density in the presence of nisin and cell-free supernatant of L. acidophilus NCFM and Fresco culture was considerable (?NSA,24h,nis10 = –1.95 log CFU ml–1 and ?NSA,24h,NCFM+Fr24 = –0.69 log CFU ml–1, respectively).

Lactobacillus, NCFM, LGG, antibacterial potential

Mančušková, T., Medveďová, A., Valík, Ľ. (2017): Antimicrobial Potential of Probiotics in Combination with Starter Lactic Acid Bacteria. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 208-215. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0028

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Does seed modification and nitrogen addition affect seed germination of Pulsatilla grandis?

Pulsatilla grandis is an endangered species in the Czech Republic and is protected in whole Europe because the number of its populations is declining. One of the possible causes is the deposition of atmospheric nitrogen. In our research, we investigated how nitrogen concentrations and seed appendage removal directly affect the species’ seed germination.Seeds were allowed to germinate under laboratory conditions in water solutions of NH4NO3 ranging in concentration from 0 to 4239 mg N l–1. They were able to germinate up to the concentration of 848 mg N l–1 even when covered with mycelium, which supports the idea that they can tolerate being strongly infected by fungi. We also found a significant positive effect of seed appendage removal on seed germination. Seeds without appendages germinated, on the average, with 11% greater probability, compared to seeds with appendages. We conclude that the germination of P. grandis is not directly affected by high N concentrations in rain water, which can range from 10 to 13 mg N l–1 near large cities. Surprisingly, low concentrations of N (up to 34 mg N l–1) might even slightly support the seed germination of P. grandis. The negative effect of N deposition on seeds is indirect and acts in conjunction with the absence of management at localities.

fungal infection, nitrogen deposition, pasqueflower, Ranunculaceae

Bochenková, M., Karlík, P., Hejcman, M., Jiras, P. (2017): Does seed modification and nitrogen addition affect seed germination of Pulsatilla grandis? Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 216-223. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0029

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Effect of Different Organic Wastes on Soil Properties and Plant Growth and Yield: A Review

The use of organic wastes in agriculture plays a great role in recycling essential plant nutrients, sustaining soil security as well as protecting the environment from unwanted hazards. This review article deals with the effect of different kinds of organic wastes on soil properties and plant growth and yield. Municipal solid waste is mainly used as a source of nitrogen and organic matter, improving soil properties and microbial activity that are closely related to soil fertility. Biowaste and food waste increase pH, nitrogen content, cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity, and microbial biomass in soil. Sewage sludge contains various amounts of organic matter and huge amounts of plant nutrients. Manure is a common waste which improves soil properties by adding nutrients and increases microbial and enzyme activity in soil. It also reduces toxicity of some heavy metals. These organic wastes have a great positive impact on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties as well as stimulate plant growth and thus increase the yield of crops.

municipal solid waste, soil nutrients, sewage sludge, food waste, manure

Hossain, M.Z., von Fragstein und Niemsdorff, P., Heß, J. (2017): Effect of Different Organic Wastes on Soil Properties and Plant Growth and Yield: A Review. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 224-237. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0030

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Mechanical Behaviour of Bulk Seeds of Some Leguminous Crops under Compression Loading

The behaviours of constrained bulk columns of seeds of 3 important leguminous feed crops under compressive force applied at a uniform rate of 10 mm min–1 up to 100 kN at ? 9% moisture content (in dry basis) were studied to establish parameters which are relevant to the design of equipment for achieving product densification. Deformation varied significantly (P < 0.02) with crop type and was the highest in lupine seeds. Feed pea had the highest strain resistance value. Both deformation energy and volume energy requirements varied significantly (P < 0.0001) with crop type. Moduli of deformation of compressed feed pea, lupine, and soybean at an applied force of 100 kN were 269.7, 306.3, and 455.2 MPa, indicating the proportionate resistence of the crop materials to compressive strain. Precisely 4.43, 3.76, and 3.15 MJ m–3 are required to achieve 56.7, 77.0, and 67.7% or 461.7, 539.3, and 500.4 kg m–3 gains in bulk density in feed pea, lupine, and soybean, respectively. Deformation and volume energy demands correlated negatively (r = –0.934 and r = –0.78) with lipid presence. Crops with more oil appeared to deform more easily under compressive force. Higher deformations and lower energy demands may be possible at optimal combinations of force, product moisture, and depth.

strain, bulk density, porosity, compression, deformation, energy

Akangbe, O.L., Herak, D (2017): Mechanical Behaviour of Bulk Seeds of Some Leguminous Crops under Compression Loading. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 238-244. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0031

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Effect of Storage Duration and Atmosphere on the Content and Price of Hop Alpha Bitter Acids

The quality of hops is significantly affected by the content of alpha bitter acids. Maintaining it with minimum losses lies within the competence of both the hop grower and processor depending on how they follow the optimum harvest technology, storage conditions, and post-harvest hop processing. That indicator is considerably affected by the hop storage method, i.e. whether the warehouse is air-conditioned or not, as well as the storage duration. The alpha bitter acid content should not be reduced during storage. The objective of this paper is an analysis of the alpha bitter acid content in the Saaz hop variety in a technological sequence of operations starting with drying at the grower and finishing with six-month storing at the processor, with three storage variants: an air-conditioned warehouse, non-conditioned warehouse, and a variant in which the square bale is moved after 60 days from a non-conditioned warehouse into an air-conditioned warehouse. The analysis of samples to identify the alpha bitter acid content was carried out by means of the ASBC Hops-6 and the HPLC EBC 7.7 methods. Practically in all cases the alpha content declines, although if a square bale is placed in an air-conditioned warehouse this decline is the lowest depending on the storage duration. The economic analysis shows a significant profit referring to the price of alpha contained in 1 t of hops stored in an air-conditioned warehouse. At the date of 1/11/2015 this profit was 14 706 CZK, at the date of 4/1/2016 it was 7646 CZK, and at 1/3/2016 the profit was 6587 CZK.

analysis of the hops, post-harvest technology, losses

Rybka, A., Melč, J., Heřmánek, P., Honzík, I. (2017): Effect of Storage Duration and Atmosphere on the Content and Price of Hop Alpha Bitter Acids. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 48, 245-251. doi: 10.1515/sab-2017-0032

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